世界剩餘的偉大森林

2009.2.25(日)人類讓印尼雨林變成“易燃物”

資料來源:http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16652-humans-turning-indonesian-rainforest-into-a-tinderbox.html

根據《新科學人》雜誌報導，人類活動已將世界第三大雨林區變成可被氣候變化的火藥桶。 在一項針對蘇門答臘和婆羅洲林火的研究中，調查人員分析了當地機場在一项针对苏门答腊和婆罗洲林火的研究中，调查人员分析了当地机场50年的可见记录。50年的可見記錄。

多倫多大學大氣物理學家羅勃特•菲爾德談到：“在上世紀70年代末期的干旱中，婆羅洲從高度防火區變成了高度易燃區。”他將這種突然變化歸於毀林快速增加和人口上升。

菲尔德认为，人类毁林造田使森林生态系统变得不稳定，即更加干燥并更易受到未来干旱侵袭。菲爾德認為，人類毀林造田使森林生態系統變得不穩定，即更加干燥並更易受到未來乾旱侵襲。 自1960年以来，通常由太平洋厄尔尼诺现象导致的干旱已给印度尼西亚带来数次大火。自1960年以來，通常由太平洋厄爾尼諾現象導致的干旱已給印度尼西亞帶來數次大火。 最严重的一次发生在1997和1998年，造成数百公里外城市上空的浓烟，并引起至少一起飞机相撞。最嚴重的一次發生在1997和1998年，造成數百公里外城市上空的濃煙，並引起至少一起飛機相撞。

菲尔德指出，在东南亚林火期间，烟尘和二氧化碳排放的罪魁祸首是位于林地深泽的泥炭燃烧。菲爾德指出，在東南亞林火期間，煙塵和二氧化碳排放的罪魁禍首是位於林地深澤的泥炭燃燒。 印尼政府本月早些時候做出重開中斷兩年轉泥炭地為油椰等作物種植園的決定，而他的這一發現增加了對此計劃的憂慮。印尼政府本月早些时候做出重开中断两年转泥炭地为油椰等作物种植园的决定，而他的这一发现增加了对此计划的忧虑。

2008.3.31生物多樣性保育 逐漸成為全球產業獲利來源

資料來源;http://e-info.org.tw/node/31544

摘譯自2008年3月31日ENS瑞士，格蘭報導；謝芳怡編譯；蔡麗伶審校

由全球最具規模的保育組織和石化公司合作的研究報告發現，當全球開始警覺到生物多樣性流失加速的同時，企業界已開始將「生物多樣性保育」視為具獲利潛力的事業。

世界自然保育聯盟(IUCN)與殼牌石油公司在27日所發表的報告中，積極呼籲各國進行政策改革，增加多樣性保育的商業獎勵。

「生物探勘」(bioprospecting)是生物多樣性相關產業中快速成長的一項，主要內容是在未開發地區尋找新的化合物、基因和有機體，報告中預估到了2050年其產值約可達5億美元。

另一份「打造生物多樣性商機」的報告中則提到，過去是導致生物多樣性流失的產業，現在已透過保護生物多樣性，而位居領先地位。舉例來說，有機農業和永續性木建材的市場正以二位數的速度飛快成長。

報告中同時發現，對於減緩氣候變遷的服務需求也是與日俱增，例如對可吸收二氧化碳的森林溼地進行保育。生態旅遊更是透過照料野生物種及棲地而獲利的明顯實例。相較與整體觀光業9%的成長率，全球強調對環境友善的觀光業，每年更以20%~30%的速度成長。

但生態旅遊評論家也警告，大量人潮侵入野生棲地，將可能對野生動物的生殖力和存活率帶來不利的影響。

報告中指出，目前所有生物多樣性產業所面臨的主要問題，就是缺乏公認性的指標來評估多樣性保育行為的利弊。越來越多企業看到將經營營運與生物多樣性相互整合的好處，並尋求以市場為基礎的解決方案和機會。

世界自然保育聯盟每年持續更新「瀕危物種紅皮書」，並透環境議題上的外交關係，支持科學研究和棲地管理計劃，來協助全世界找到環境與發展問題的解決之道。這項工作包含了存在地球上的所有類型動植物和生態系統，例如各種地球上的自然環境，或是廣泛的重大環境永續發展議題。

Making Biodiversity Conservation Pay Off

GLAND, Switzerland, March 31, 2008 (ENS)

As the world wakes up to the accelerating loss of biological diversity, businesses are increasingly viewing biodiversity conservation as a potential profit center, says a new collaborative report from one of the world's largest conservation organizations and one of the world's largest international oil, gas and chemicals companies.

Issued Thursday, the report from the IUCN-International Union for Conservation of Nature and Shell International Ltd. calls for policy reforms to increase the commercial rewards for conserving biodiversity.

One biodiversity business that is growing quickly is bioprospecting, the search for new compounds, genes and organisms in the wild. The report suggests the sector could be worth as much as US$500 million by 2050.

Titled "Building Biodiversity Business," the report says some businesses that were historically responsible for the loss of biodiversity now are starting to lead the way by protecting biodiversity.

For instance, markets for organic agriculture and sustainably-harvested timber are growing at double-digit rates.

And there is an increasing demand for climate mitigation services, such as the protection of forests and wetlands to absorb carbon dioxide, the report finds.

Ecotourism is one obvious example of how money can be made from looking after species and their habitats. Worldwide, environmentally-friendly tourism is expanding at a rate of 20 to 30 percent annually, compared with a nine percent expansion rate for tourism as a whole.

Critics of ecotourism warn that the intrusion of large numbers of people into wild habitats can adversely influence the reproductive success and survival of the affected wildlife.

A key challenge facing all biodiversity businesses is the lack of accepted indicators to measure positive and negative contributions to biodiversity conservation, the report finds.

An increasing number of companies see a business advantage in developing processes to integrate biodiversity into their operations, as well as seeking market-based solutions and opportunities.

The organization maintains the Red List of Threatened Species and helps the world find pragmatic solutions to environment and development challenges by conducting environmental diplomatic relations, supporting scientific research; and managing field projects all over the world.

This work encompasses all types of animal and plant species on the planet; all types of ecosystems - the different types of natural places that exist on Earth; and a wide range of major environmental and sustainable development issues.

全文及圖片詳見：ENS

印尼環境管理法 第4章 環境管理依據

第8條 Article

1 .自然資源是由國家控制，並被最大可能公益福利所運用，並且由政府決定自然資源的安排。

2.為了落實政府上述.(1) 提供的執行規定：

a. 環境管理的計劃規範和發展政策

b. 調節供應、分配、使用， [和]環境管理，以及包括遺傳資源的自然資源再利用。

c.規範人和/或 其他法律主體 以及 有關自然資源和包括遺傳資源的人工資源的法律行動和法律關係。

d.控制具社會影響的活動

e.為努力保存環境功能發展籌資機制。

3 規定中的上述第( 2)提供的規定，由政府規範更進一步地規範。

1. Natural resources are controlled by the state and are utilized for the greatest possible public welfare, and the arrangements there of are determined by the Government.

2. To implement the stipulation provided for in (1) above the Government:

1. regulates and develops policy in the scheme of environmental management;
2. regulates the supply, allocation, use, [and] management of the environment, and the reuse of natural resources, including genetic resources;
3. regulates legal actions and legal relations between persons and/or other legal subjects as well as legal actions regarding natural resources and artificial resources, including genetic resources;
4. controls activities which have social impact;
5. develops a funding system for efforts to preserve environmental functions.

3. The stipulations provided for in (2) above are further regulated by Government Regulation.

第9條 article 9

1.政府確定國家關於環境管理和空間管理政策的的同時，始終考慮到宗教價值觀、文化和傳統、社會的生活準則。

2 .環境管理是由政府機構在一個綜合的方式根據其各自領域的任務和職責、市民、和其他同時考慮整合性的規劃和實施環境管理的政策的發展機構，所呈現的綜合性的手段。

3.環境管理工作必須以綜合方式和空間管理的方法呈現，包含非生物性自然資源的保護，人工資源的保護，生物自然資源的保育，及其生態系統與文化保護，生物多樣性和氣候變化。

4. 國家環境管理政策的整合性的規劃和實施，在上述第(2) ，由部長負責協調。

1. The Government determines national policies on environmental management and spatial management whilst always taking into account religious values, culture and traditions and the living norms of the community.

2. Environmental management is performed in an integrated manner by government institutions in accordance with their respective fields of tasks and responsibilities, the public, and other agents of development while taking into account the integratedness of planning and implementation of the environmental management policy.

3. Environmental management must be performed in an integrated manner with spatial management, protection of non-biological natural resources, protection of artificial resources, conservation of biological natural resources and their ecosystems, cultural preservation, bio-diversity and climate change.

4. The integratedness of planning and implementation of national environmental management policy, as provided for in (2) above, is coordinated by the Minister.

第10條Article 10

在這項環境管理計劃中的，政府必須：

a. 形成、增長、發展和提高決策者的環境管理意識和責任感。

b. 形成、增長、發展和提高環境管理的社區權力意識和責任;

c. 形成、增長、發展和增加社會、商界、和政府致力於維持環境的支持能力和承載能力的夥伴關係。

d.開發和應用確保環境支持力和承載能力的維持環境管理政策。

e.先發製人、預防、具自然前瞻性的工具開發和應用，以避免環境支持和承載能力的降低。

f. 無害環境的技術的利用和開發;

g. 環境領域研發的開展;

h.提供環境信息和傳播給社會;

i. 給予有功人員或環境領域基金會獎勵。

In the scheme of environmental management the Government must:

1. form, give growth to, develop and increase awareness and responsibility of decision makers environmental management;
2. form, give growth to, develop and increase awareness of community rights and responsibilities in environmental management;
3. form, give growth to, develop and increase partnership between the community, business and the Government in the effort to preserve environmental supportive capacity and carrying capacity;
4. develop and apply environmental management policy which ensures the maintaining of environmental supportive and carrying capacity;
5. develop and apply instruments of a pre-emptive, preventive and proactive nature in the effort to prevent decreases in environmental supportive and carrying capacity;
6. exploit and develop environmentally sound technology;
7. carry out research and development in the environmental field;
8. provide environmental information and disseminate it to the community;
9. give awards to meritorious people or foundations in the environmental field.

第11條Article 11

1.國家層級的環境管理由部長協調的文書體制統一實施。

2. 在上述(1)所任務、職能、權力和組織安排以及機構的工作程序的規定，進一步由總統決定。

1. Environmental management at the national level is implemented integratedly by an institutional instrument which is coordinated by the Minister.

2. Stipulations on task, function, authority, and organizational arrangement as well as institutional working procedures as provided for in (1) above are regulated further by Presidential Decision.

第12條Article 12

1.為創立根據環境管理的國家政策執行上的整合與協調性 ，政府在立法的基礎上可以：

1. 委派地方核心政府機關部分環境管理權。
2. 授予地方政府任務，協助中央在實施環境管理領域執行。

2 .如上述( 1)所規定之進一步規定的由法律和條例所規範。

. To create integratedness and harmony in the implementation of national policy regarding environmental management, the Government based on legislation can:

1. delegate certain environmental management authority to local Central Government offices;
2. give a role to Local Government to assist the Central Government in the implementation of environmental management in the regions.

2. Further stipulations as provided for in (1) above are regulated by laws and regulations.

第13條Article 13

1.在該環境管理計劃實施的過程中，中央政府可以移交部分事務地方核心政府成為他的一般性事務。

2.移交事務的規定(1)以上是由政府條例裁定。

1. In the scheme of the implementation of environmental management, the Government can transfer part of its affairs to Local Government to become part of its general affairs.

2. Transferring of affairs as provided for (1) above is determined by Government Regulation.

印尼環境管理法第3章-社區權利，義務和作用社區權利，義務和角色

第3章 社區權利，義務和作用社區權利，義務和角色

CHAPTER III COMMUNITY RIGHTS, OBLIGATIONS AND ROLE

第5條 Article 5

1.對於一個好又健康的環境每一個人都有同樣的權利。

2.對於和環境管理角色相關的環境資訊，每個人都有權利。

3. 每個人都有權利依循適用的法律與條例，扮演環境管理的計畫中的角色。

1. Every person has the same right to an environment which is good and healthy.

2. Every person has the right to environmental information which is related to environmental management roles.

3. Every person has the right to play a role in the scheme of environmental management in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.

第6條Article 6

1.每個人都必須遵守保持環境功能的延續，並保護和打擊環境的污染與破壞。

2 .每個進行商業活動或其他活動的人，必須提供真實和準確的環境管理資訊。

1. Every person is obliged to preserve the continuity of environmental functions and protect and combat environmental pollution and damage.

2. Every person who carrying out a business or other activity must provide true and accurate information regarding environmental management.

第7條article 7

1.社會也有同樣且廣泛可能的機會扮演環境管理的角色。

2以上（ 1 ）的規定，實施藉由：

a.日與益增的獨立性，社區與夥伴關係的培力。

b.社區潛力與和倡議的增長。

c.增加社會監督實踐當中的反應;。

d.提供建議。

e.傳遞信息和/或傳達報告。

1. The community has the same and the broadest possible opportunity to play a role in environmental management.

2. Implementation of the stipulation in (1) above, is carried out by:

1. increasing independence, community empowerment, and partnership
2. giving growth to community capability and initiative;
3. increasing community responsiveness in carrying out social supervision;
4. providing suggestions;
5. conveying information and/or conveying reports.

印尼環境管理法第2章-基礎，目標和目標

第二章 基礎，目標和目標 BASIS, OBJECTIVE, AND TARGET

第3條 Article 3

環境管理是以國家責任原則、永續原則、開發原則所執行，目的在在印尼人以及印尼整體忠於獻身於中萬能上帝的社會的發展框架內，開創環境可持續發展。

Environmental management which is performed with a principle of national responsibility, a principle of sustainability, and a principle of exploitation, aims to create environmentaly sustainable development in the framework of the holistic development of the Indonesian human and the development of an Indonesian community in its entirety which is faithful and devoted to God the Almighty

第4條 這些環境管理的目標是：

Article 4 The targets of environmental management are:

a.實現人類和環境之間的和諧與平衡。

b.印尼人作為一個朝傾向環境生命的方向與保護和培育環境行動的形成。

c.保證的當代和後代人益處。

d.環境功能的維持的取得。

e.審慎地管理資源的開發。

f. 團結印尼共和國對抗商業和/或國家地區以外導致環境污染和/或損壞的活動的維持。

1. formation of the Indonesian person as an environmental being disposed toward and acting to protect and foster the environment;
2. guaranteeing the interests of present generations and future generations;
3. achievement of preservation of environmental functions;
4. prudent control of the exploitation of resources;
5. protection of the Unitary Indonesia Republic against impacts of business and/or activity outside the national region which causes environmental pollution and/or damage.
6. protection of the Unitary Indonesia Republic against impacts of business and/or activity outside the national region which causes environmental pollution and/or damage.

印尼環境管理法第1章-總則

基於印度尼西亞共和國眾議院的協議決定頒布：

環境管理的法律：:
WITH AGREEMENT THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA DECIDES TO ENACT:

The Law Regarding Environmental Management

總則第1章CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS

第1條本法中相關定義如下：

Article 1 In this Law what is meant by:

1.環境是所有物質、力量、情境以及生物的統一體，包括人類和他們的行為，影響人類與其他生物的福祉與生命的持續

The environment is the spatial unity of all materials, forces, situations, and living creatures, including humans and their behaviour, which influences the continuance of the life and welfare of humans and other living creatures;

2.環境管理是一項用來維護環境功能綜合的努力的，努力的範圍包括政策規劃、開發、發展、維持、修補，監督和環境控管;

Environmental management is an integrated effort to preserve environmental functions which covers planning policy, exploitation, development, maintenance, reparation, supervision and control of the environment;

3.環境可持續發展是一種努力整合資源有自覺和有計劃性的努力，轉變為確保當代和子孫的承載力、福利和生活品質發展的進程。

Environmentally sustainable development is a conscious and planned effort, which integrates the environment, including resources, into the development process to ensure capability, welfare, and quality of life of present and future generations;

4.一個生態系統由一個產生環境平衡、穩定以及生產力的健全又完整單位所組成之有秩序的環境要素。
An ecosystem is on ordering of an element of the environment which constitutes a whole and complete unit which interacts to produce environmental balance, stability, and productivity;

5.環境功能的維持是一個套裝組件用以保持環境持續地支持和承載能力。

Preservation of environmental functions is a set of efforts to maintain the continued supportive and carrying capacities of the environment;

6. .環境支持力是環境對人類以及其他生物的承載限度。

Environmental supportive capacity is the capacity of the environment to support humans and other living creatures;

7.環境支持力的維持是一組致力於保護環境活力對抗因為改變或因為活動所致的負面衝擊的配套措施，以至於環境可以繼續支持人類和其他生物的生活。

Preservation of environmental support capacity is a set of efforts to protect environmental viability against pressures for change and/or negative impacts that arise because of an activity, so that it can continue to support the life of humans and other living creatures;

8.環境承載力 環境吸收物質、能源，以及/或其他輸入或放入的內容物的所能承受的能力。
Environmental carrying capacity is the capability of the environment to absorb substances, energy, and/or other components that enter or are discharged into it;

9.環境承載力的維持是一組配套措施用致力於保護環境吸收物質能源以及/或其他被釋入環境的成分的承載能力。

Preservation of environmental carrying capacity is a set of efforts to protect the capability of the environment to absorb substances, energy, and/or other components which are discharged into it;

10.資源是由人類資源、自然資源、生物和非生物還有人工資源所組成的環境元素。

Resources are environmental elements that consist of human resources, natural resources, biological as well as non-biological, and artificial resources;

11.環境品質標準是生物、物質、能源或是存在或必須存在和/或者環境中作為環境元素的某資源污染的元素的組成，再某種標準下一系列的的臨界值的限度或標準

Environmental quality standards are the threshold limits or levels of living creatures, substances, energy, or components that exists or must exist and/or pollutanting elements the existence of which in a certain resource as an element of the environment is set at a certain level;

12.環境污染生物、物質、能量的進入或入侵，以及/或是因為人類活動所侵入環境的其他成分，導致依照環境環之分配能力下，環境作用功能的程度低落，導致環境品質下降到某種程度。

Environmental pollution is the entry or the entering into of living creatures, substances, energy, and/or other components into the environment by human activities with the result that its quality decreases to a certain level which causes the environment not to be able to function in accordance with its allocation;

13.環境損害標準臨界值是在可測量的環境物理和/或生化的改變。

Standard environmental damage criteria are threshold limits of physical and/or biological changes in the environment which can be measured;

14.環境破壞是一個使人們直接或間接地使環境的物理和/或物理和/或生化特性的改變的行動，這行動導致環境無法再發揮其支持可持續發展的功能。
Environmental damage is an action which gives rise to direct or indirect changes in the physical and/or biological characteristics of the environment which causes the environment to no longer be able to function to support sustainable development;

15.自然資源保育是確保不可再生的自然資源其穩健的利用的管理，以及經由維護和改進環境的程度和多樣性以確保可再生資源的可持續的能力的管理。

Conservation of natural resources is the management of non-renewable natural resources to ensure their prudent utilization, and renewable resources to ensure their continued availability through maintaining and improving quality levels and diversity;
16.廢棄物是商務和/或活動下的殘渣。

Waste is the residue of a business and/or activity;

17.有害和有毒物質乃是由於其自然狀態或濃縮物質，同時會直接和間接污染和/或損害環境、健康、人類和其他生物生命的延續的所有物質。

Hazardous and toxic material is every matter which due to its nature or concentration, both directly and indirectly, can pollute and/or damage the environment, health, the continuation of human life and of other living creatures;

18.有害和有毒廢棄物是商業和/或活動的殘渣的，含有因其自然狀態和/或濃縮物質和/或數量的有害和/或有毒物質，直接或間接地可以污染和/或破壞環境；和/或危害人類生命和其他生物的環境，健康與延續。

Hazardous and toxic waste is the residue of a business and/or activity that contains hazardous and/or toxic material which due to its nature and/or concentration and/or amount, directly as well as indirectly, can pollute and/or damage the environment, and/or endanger the environment, health, the continuation of human life and of other living creatures;

19.環境爭端是爭

因為產生是由於環境污染或破壞的存在或懷疑的存在結果，所致的兩個或多個當事人(團體)不同的爭論。

An environmental dispute is a disagreement between two or more parties which is arises as a result of the existence of or suspected existence of environmental pollution and/or damage;

20.環境衝擊是由於商業和/或活動對環境造成的改變帶來的影響。
Environmental impact is the influence for change on the environment which is caused by a business and/or an activity;

21.環境影響評估是在決策過程中，對業務和/或活動的執行所必需具有的計劃性業務和/或活動的巨大和顯著影響研究， Environmental impact analysis is a study of large and significant impacts of a planned business and/or activity which is needed in the decision making process regarding business and/or activity implementation;

22.環境組織是一群人在社會中以環境領域的目標和活動，形成自己的意志和願望。

An environmental organization is a group of persons formed of their own volition and desire in the midst of the community, with its objectives and activities in the environmental field;

23.環境審計是由這些負責商業和/或是以合適的法律條件和/或政策和由為企業或是關切的活動黨團負責的標準套裝法案，達成承諾程度的活動，所執行的評估過程。

An environmental audit is an evaluation process performed by those responsible for a business and/or activity to assess the level of compliance with applicable legal conditions and/or policy and standard set by the party responsible for the business and/or activity concerned;

24.個人是個人個體，和/或一群體的個人，和/或法律機構的個人;
A person is an individual person, and/or a group of people, and/or legal body

25..部長是有管理環境之責的部長。

Minister is the Minister who has been given the task of managing the environment.

第2條 Article 2

印尼的環境的範圍，涵蓋以群島展望，履行主權，主權權利和管轄權的印尼國家聯邦的空間、位置。

The scope of the Indonesian environment covers space, the location of the United Indonesian State with an Archipelagic Outlook in performing its sovereignty, sovereign rights, and jurisdiction.